#TeamEnglish@CMS_Kottayam: The learner in me, hand in hand with the teacher in you!

  The Joint Monarchy of William and Mary-The Origin and Growth of Political Parties: The Whigs and the Tories The Joint Monarchy of William and Mary (1689-1702) The joint monarchy of William III and Mary II was a defining period in British history, marking the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. Their reign began with the Glorious Revolution of 1688, which saw the overthrow of King James II, largely due to his unpopular policies favoring Catholicism and absolute monarchy. The Glorious Revolution and the Ascension of William and Mary James II, a staunch Catholic, attempted to reinstate Catholic dominance in England, which alienated Protestant nobles and Parliament. His policies led to unrest, prompting a group of influential English politicians to invite William of Orange, a Protestant and husband to James II’s daughter Mary, to intervene. In November 1688 , William arrived in England with a fleet, and James II, facing little resistan...

  The Glorious Revolution-the Bill of Rights The Glorious Revolution and the Bill of Rights (1688–1689) The Glorious Revolution of 1688 was a pivotal moment in British history that resulted in the overthrow of James II and the establishment of William III and Mary II as joint monarchs. It was a largely bloodless revolution that ensured Protestant supremacy , limited the power of the monarchy, and laid the foundation for constitutional government through the Bill of Rights (1689) . 1. Causes of the Glorious Revolution Several factors contributed to the revolution, primarily rooted in religious tensions, fears of absolutism, and the desire for parliamentary sovereignty. 1.1. James II’s Pro-Catholic Policies James II (r. 1685–1688) was a devout Catholic in a staunchly Protestant nation. His policies alienated the Anglican establishment and the political elite: Ignoring the Test Act (1673): Appointed Catholics to government and military positions. Declarat...